A Comprehensive Review of Modern Teaching Strategies in Mathematics Education: Theoretical Foundations, Digital Transformations, and the Post-AI Implementation Gap (2020–2026)

Abstract

This study presents an integrative literature review of contemporary teaching strategies in mathematics education, synthesizing empirical evidence from 2020 to 2026. As the field transitions toward a "Mathematical and Data Education" (MDE) framework, this paper evaluates the efficacy of active learning, immersive technologies, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration. Meta-analytical data indicate that student-centered strategies yield a general effect size of 0.787, while Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) consistently produces Hedges . However, the study identifies a persistent "Implementation Gap" between policy intent and classroom reality, with 71.3% of educators reporting systemic deficits in pedagogical capacity and resources. The review concludes that the "Post-AI" era necessitates a shift toward "Mathematical Agency"—enabling students to retain epistemic control while utilizing generative tools.